The Tantra (Its Origin, Theories, Art and Diffusion from India to Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia, China, Japan and Indonesia)

The Tantra is a body of theories, techniques and rituals developed in India in antiquity, which has two fundamental aspects. The first aspect of the Tantra is the theory of creation, which posits that the universe has no beginning and no end, and that all its manifestations are merely the projections of divine energy of its Creator. The second aspect of the Tantra is the belief that the performance of Tantrik techniques and rituals facilitates access to this divine energy, enabling their practitioners to empower themselves, as well as empower other associated with them in the guru-disciple relationship. Thus the knowledge and proper application of Tantrik techniques and rituals is believed to harness the Creator's cosmic energies to the promotion of the mundane as well as spiritual goals of their practitioners.

Between the VII and the XII centuries A.D. these theories, rituals and practices spread to other parts of Asia. In these parts their interaction with indigenous traditions of shamanism and other magical cults resulted in potent hybrids. These not only served the personal needs of their practitioners, but were used by the kings of summon the cosmic forces to legitimize their right and power to rule the ancient monarchies. Elaborate and artistically beautiful icons were developed in sculpture, painting, bronze and bas-relief to portray the basic concept of Tantrik theories and various deities of the Hindu and Buddhist pantheons.

This book first explores the origin of the Tantra in India, its development and emergence of various schools of Hindu and Buddhist Tantrism over the centuries. Then it explores their spread from Tantrik universities in Bihar and other centres of Tantrik scholarship and rituals practiced in West Bengal, Orissa and South India at that time to Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia, China, Japan and Indonesia. The coloured Plates illustrate the iconographic presentation of the basic theories and concepts of the Tantra, as well as various deities associated with the pantheons of Hindu and Buddhist Tantrism drawn from different parts of the world.

Some aspects of the Tantra live in many parts of the Eastern and the Western worlds as numerous schools of Yoga, until today. The system of Kundalini Yoga is particularly popular for the attainment of good health, personal well-being, happiness, professional success and other more spiritual needs of modern men and women.

About the Author:

Victor M. Fic (BA, MA, MA, PhD, PhD, Certificate of Russian Institute, Diploma in Indology), Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.

Preface	7
Foreword by Prof. Lokesh Chandra	13
Plates and Maps	19
CHAPTER 1 THE ORIGIN OF THE TANTRA     The Meaning of the Tantra     23     The Non-Aryan Origin of the Tantra     24	23
CHAPTER II THE HINDU TANTRA     Theory of Creation     27     Sakti and Its Potencies     28     Maya Creates Illusions     31     Brahma-Cakra: The Cosmic Oscillation     32     Kundalini Yoga Theory     34     Kundalini Yoga Practice     35         Desire and Meditation     36         The Role of Mantras     36         The Role of Yantras     37     Main Schools of Hindu Tantrism     40	27
CHAPTER III THE BUDDHIST TANTRA     The Origin of Buddhist Tantra     43     The Vajrayana School     45     The Sahajayana     49     The Kalacakrayana     49     The Mantrayana     51	43
CHAPTER IV INTERACTION OF THE BUDDHIST AND HINDU TANTRAS     The Buddhist Siddhiacaryas     54     The Nath Cult     54     The Vaisnava Sahajayana Cult     54     The Bauls of Bengal     55	53
CHAPTER V DIFFUSION OF THE HINDU AND BUDDHIST TANTRAS     Evolution of Tantrik Buddhism     57     Diffusion of the Tantra     58         THE NORTHERN ROUTE:             Hindu Tantra: Nepal     58             Buddhist Tantra: Tibet, China, Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Siberia     58         THE SOUTHERN ROUTE:             Hindu and Buddhist Tantra: Sumatra, Java     62         Candi Sukuh: Tantrik Sivaism as Bhima Cult     66	57
NOTES	71
BIBLIOGRAPHY	87
INDEX	103

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